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American Chinese Cuisine in American Jewish Culture
The perception that American Jews eat at Chinese restaurants on Christmas Day is documented in media as a common stereotype with a basis in fact.〔(Why Do American Jews Eat Chinese Food on Christmas? — The Atlantic )〕〔('Tis the season: Why do Jews eat Chinese food on Christmas? - Jewish World Features - Israel News | Haaretz )〕〔(Movies and Chinese Food: The Jewish Christmas Tradition | Isaac Zablocki )〕 The tradition may have arisen from the lack of other open restaurants on Christmas Day, as well as the close proximity of Jewish and Chinese immigrants to each other in New York City. It has been portrayed in film and television.
==Historical background==
Though often viewed as a common stereotype, the relationship with Jewish people and American Chinese cuisine during the Christian holiday of Christmas is well documented. The definitive scholarly and popular treatment of this subject appears in Rabbi Joshua Eli Plaut, Ph.D. book A Kosher Christmas: 'Tis the Season to Be Jewish," in his third chapter entitled "We Eat Chinese Food on Christmas." The origin of Jews eating Chinese food dates to the end of the 19th century on the Lower East Side, Manhattan, because Jews and the Chinese lived in close proximity to each other. There were around a million Eastern European Jews living in New York around 1910 and the Jews constituted over “one quarter of the city’s population”. The majority of the Chinese immigrated to the Lower East Side from California after the 1880s and many of them went into the restaurant business.〔Tuchman, Gaye, and Harry G. Levine. "New York Jews and Chinese Food: The Social Construction of an Ethnic Pattern." Queens College. Web. .〕
The first mention of the Jewish population eating Chinese food was in 1899 in the ''American Hebrew Weekly'' journal. They criticized Jews for eating at non-kosher restaurants, particularly singling out Chinese food.〔Plaut, Joshua Eli. "We Eat Chinese () On Christmas." The Jewish Week. N.p., Nov 20, 2012. Web. Apr 8, 2013. .〕 Jews continued to eat at these establishments. In 1936, it was reported that there were eighteen Chinese restaurants open in heavily populated Jewish areas in the Lower East Side.〔 Jews felt more comfortable at these restaurants than they did at the Italian or German eateries that were prevalent during this time period. Joshua Plaut writes the following on the origin of Jews eating Chinese food on Christmas: "It dates at least as early as 1935 when The New York Times reported a certain restaurant owner named Eng Shee Chuck who brought chow mein on Christmas Day to the Jewish Children’s Home in Newark. Over the years, Jewish families and friends gather on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day at Chinese restaurants across the United States to socialize and to banter, to reinforce social and familiar bonds, and to engage in a favorite activity for Jews during the Christmas holiday. The Chinese restaurant has become a place where Jewish identity is made, remade and announced."(see the New York newspaper, Jewish Week 11/20/2012).
The reason for feeling comfortable in the Chinese restaurants largely had to do with the lack of prejudice that came from the Chinese people. The Chinese were described as “accept() Jews and other immigrant and ethnic groups as customers without precondition”.〔 In lower Manhattan, immigrant Jews would open delis for other Jews, the Italians ran restaurants primarily for other Italians, and the Germans had many places that would serve only Germans. More of the Jews and Italians would want to eat at Chinese restaurants than they would want to eat at their own ethnic restaurants.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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